Solar and wind power are vital for clean energy, but projects face rising social and political opposition. These developments form complex "energy-land systems" that impact local communities. In Portugal, we identified 18 distinct system types across different regional contexts. Although large-scale projects incorporate more social and environmental measures, they often occupy marginalized areas. Understanding projects and their contexts can support planners design fairer energy projects.

The manuscript highlights the limitations of co-producing visions for sustainable futures and transformative pathways in boom crop contexts, specifically where basic needs of local stakeholders remain constrained. These findings help address existing knowledge gaps and provide a framework for future research on sustainability transitions in similar boom crop contexts.